Kenneth Mahamba – who had risen through the ranks of MK to camp commander – and other suspected agents were fingered in the Black September poisoning. Oliver Tambo and Thabo Mbeki facilitated the building of the ANC’s relationship with the newly established government of Zimbabwe. Pretoria demanded the removal of the ANC from Lesotho as a condition for opening the borders. From the 1970s onwards, Lusaka assumed prominence in the ANC’s struggle against apartheid, largely as a result of the souring of relations between the ANC and the government of Tanzania in 1969. In May 1988, legal academics, attorneys and lawyers also met with the ANC in Lusaka. On 17 October 1983 SADF commandos bombed the ANC office in Maputo and inured five people. The meeting ended in disappointment for Mandela as Nyerere urged the ANC to postpone the armed struggle until the release of PAC leader Robert Sobukwe. Nyerere became the chief minister of the government, but he had limited powers, as foreign policy and control of the army remained under the direction of the Colonial Office in London. Among those expelled were leading members of the ANC’s intelligence unit, who South Africa regarded as critical for the party’s Lesotho-based activities. Unhappy with the MPLA’s rise to power, the South African government established relations with UNITA to destabilise Angola. As the political situation in South Africa began to change in the 1990s, the process for a negotiated settlement gathered momentum, and the ANC and other liberation movements was unbanned and exiles were allowed to return to their country. In 1974 a new wave of South Africans went into exile, and at the same time the liberation war in Portuguese Africa entered its last phase. Later Dr Yusuf Dadoo, Chairperson of the South African Indian Congress (SAIC) and Chairperson of the underground SACP, followed. The Nazi Vorster, who was interned for helping Hitler, is now the Prime Minister of South Africa. Thus the Zambian government did not allow the establishment of MK military training camps on its soil and forbade ANC members from keeping weapons. MK veterans block road, call on ANC to help 'disgruntled comrades'. Colonised by Cecil John Rhodes through the British South Africa Company (BSAC) in the 1890s, the country was initially ruled by the BSAC. The course covered the history of the ANC, the emergence of the working class in South Africa, and theories of communism and historical and dialectical materialism, among other subjects. The first group of MK soldiers was sent to a camp south of Luanda in Gabela. After independence, Khama became the country’s first president. Black political activists in Southern Rhodesia set up a political party named the Southern Rhodesia African National Congress (SRANC), the name a variant of the ANC. Under the theme “From the Venue of the Conference to Victory”, 250 delegates representing missions in South Africa met with 21 members from abroad. It was envisaged that recruits would establish mass peasant political organisations and underground units that would be assisted by MK military structures. However, it was not until 30 September 1966 that the government of Botswana gained independence from Britain. Sachs, A, (2010), When the ANC stood up against torture, from the Los Angeles Times, 16 May, [online], Available at http://articles.latimes.com [Accessed 13 December 2011], ANC NWC condemns attempts to besmirch Zuma's name, from Politicsweb, [online], Available at http://www.politicsweb.co.za [Accessed 19 December 2011]. Among some of the targets of the LLA was the Leribe Airport, leading politicians, and the USA Cultural Centre. At the UN, a veto by the US and Britain prevented the Security Council from adopting a resolution condemning South Africa’s invasion. We fight for all South Africans, for you and your children and your children’s children. Two white officers, two African soldiers and five guerrillas were killed. Thus, after independence the ANC had to establish a relationship with ZANU-PF. Nxumalo served as Swaziland's representative on the committee that wrote the SANNC (later ANC) constitution of 1919. When the South African Union was established in 1910, three protectorates were established and excluded from the Union. For instance, Urea Maleka and Theophilus ‘Ranka’ Cholo took the ‘Freedom Ferry’ from Zambia to Botswana as they attempted to make their way back to South Africa. The Umkhonto we Sizwe Military Veterans Association (MKMVA) has called on the ANC to come to a resolution regarding the plight of its “sick and unemployed” members. ANC establishes its headquarters in Zambia. Rhodesian forces listed 10 casualties. Umkhonto We Sizwe (“Spear of the Nation”) was founded partly in response to the notorious Sharpeville Massacre of March 1960. Watson, W, (2007), Brick by brick: an informal guide to the history of South Africa, (New Africa Books), p. 99. In 1980 the Vuyisile Mini Furniture Factory was established to produce chairs, tables and doors for Mazimbu. The ANC established a commission of inquiry headed by James Stuart, with  Antony Mongalo, Sizakele Sigxashe, Aziz Pahad and Mtu Jwili serving as commissioners. On 7 April 1988, Albert “Albie” Louis Sachs survived a bomb explosion that was placed in his car near the corner of Eduardo Mondlane and Julius Nyerere Avenues in Maputo – the bomb was planted by South African security agents, but was intended for Indres Naidoo. Former Vlakplaas security police member Joe Mamasela testified that Mokhehle was living at Vlakplaas, where he was supplied with arms. When the company failed to find large deposits of gold, it relinquished political control of these areas in 1923. The campaign failed and several members were put in prison in Bechuanaland. By 1973 about half of the cadres in Tanzania had been trained at Kongwa. SAPA, (2000), Amnesty seeker tells of SADF raid on Gaborone, from the Independent Online, November 20, [online] Available at www.iol.co.za [Accessed 16 November 2012], History of Democracy, Struggle for Independence, from the Embassy of the Republic of Botswana, November 20, [online] Available at www.botswanaembassy.org [Accessed 16 November 2012], Botswana profile, from the BBC, [online] Available at www.bbc.co.uk [Accessed 16 November 2012], http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ae09yy5R91E&feature=relmfu Watch the TRC Report on the Botswana Raids. This failure, together with the degrading conditions in which the cadres were living, fuelled a spiral of discontent in the camps.

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