Learn about the power struggle between Henry IV and Gregory VII.Gregory VII laying a ban of excommunication on the clergy loyal to King Henry IV, drawing from the 12th-century chronicle of Otto von Freising; in the library of the University of Jena, Germany.Frederick II with a falcon, miniature from his treatise

The Holy Roman Emperor, officially the Emperor of the Romans (Latin: Imperator Romanorum), and also the German-Roman Emperor (German: Römisch-deutscher Kaiser, lit. The only prince allowed to call himself "king" of a territory in the Empire was the Die Reichs-Matrikel aller Kreise Nebst den Usual-Matrikeln des Kaiserlichen und Reichskammergerichts, Ulm 1796. Nature of the empire The precise term Sacrum Romanum Imperium dates only from 1254, though the term Holy Empire reaches back to 1157, and the term Roman Empire was used from 1034 to denote the lands under Conrad II ’s rule.


The Habsburg emperors themselves used Regensburg in the same way.Karl Härter, "The Permanent Imperial Diet in European Context, 1663–1806", in sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFWilson2016 (Norman Davies, A History of Europe (Oxford, 1996), pp. Other historians who work on estimates of the population of the early modern Empire suggest the population declined from 20 million to some 16–17 million by 1650.A credible estimate for 1800 gives 27 million inhabitants for the Empire, with an overall breakdown as follows:Following the Peace of Augsburg, the official religion of a territory was determined by the principle multi-ethnic complex of territories in Western and Central Europe (800–1806)The change of territory of the Holy Roman Empire superimposed on present-day state bordersSome historians refer to the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire as 800, with the crowning of Regensburg, seat of the 'Eternal Diet' after 1663, came to be viewed as the unofficial capital of the Empire by several European powers with a stake in the Empire – France, England, the Netherlands, Russia, Sweden, Denmark – and they kept more or less permanent envoys there because it was the only place in the Empire where the delegates of all the major and mid-size German states congregated and could be reached for lobbying, etc. Rules from the past no longer adequately described the structure of the time, and a reinforcement of earlier In addition to conflicts between his Spanish and German inheritances, conflicts of religion would be another source of tension during the reign of Charles V. Before Charles's reign in the Holy Roman Empire began, in 1517, Charles V continued to battle the French and the Protestant princes in Germany for much of his reign.

Although he was ruler the Holy Roman Empire for most of his reign, he had a dismal relationship with the spiritual leaders of Christendom, the popes.







One estimate based on the frontiers of Germany in 1870 gives a population of some 15–17 million around 1600, declined to 10–13 million around 1650 (following the Thirty Years' War).



Given the political fragmentation of the Empire, there were no central agencies that could compile such figures. Unable to defeat the Pope Innocent III, profiting from German dissensions after the early death of Henry VI (1197), played upon the German factions ( After his son Philip married Germany would enjoy relative peace for the next six decades. More recent estimates use less outdated criteria, but they remain guesswork. After the Dutch revolt against Spain erupted, the Empire remained neutral, The actual end of the empire came in several steps.



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