[2], According to Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia 19,932 Russians migrated to Latvia from 2011 to 2017, while 48,851 Russians emigrated to other countries. Most of the present-day Baltic Russians are migrants from the Soviet era and their descendants[5], though a relatively small fraction of them can trace their ancestry in the area back to previous centuries. The PFL became the basis of consolidation of the Russian Culture Society of Latvia (RCSL). Russians in the Baltics: Full-right members of society or not? Nevertheless, many ethnic Russians living in Latvia today are descendants of families who have lived in Latvia for many generations. Thus the 1905 revolution in Latvia was fundamentally different from that in the rest of Russia[citation needed]. The remaining Estonian territory was 97.3% ethnically Estonian in 1945. The sentiment of the Latvian Russian community, however, remained ambivalent. It was popular not only with the Russian residents of Latvia but with the Western-minded public of Russia as well. In all, 5% of Lithuania's population are ethnic Russians. After independence Russian plaques were either removed or stroken off (as in this picture). Many of these are Old Believers whose ancestors fled Russia from 18th century religious persecutions. On November 18, 1918, the Republic of Latvia was proclaimed as an independent democratic state. Probably the main reason that Lithuania took a less restrictive approach than Latvia and Estonia is that whereas in Latvia ethnic Latvians comprised only a small majority of the total population, and in Estonia ethnic Estonians comprised about 70 percent, in Lithuania ethnic Lithuanians were about 80 percent of the population. [8][9][10] The convention was adopted in 1949, including by the Soviet Union. The establishment of the Latvian State, on November 18, 1918, made local Russians determine new principles in their relations with the government. However, the Soviet Union collapsed earlier and Latvians asserted their freedom. In Latvia and Estonia, those who had no family ties to Latvia prior to World War II did not receive automatic citizenship. In recent years, as the Russian political leaders have begun to speak about the "former Soviet space" as their sphere of influence,[17] such claims are a source of annoyance, if not alarm, in the Baltic countries. Most of Latvia’s Russians were sent in as Soviet settlers while the country was under Soviet occupation (1940-1990). In 1920–1930 only a little more than 15% of Russians could speak and write Latvian. Most of Latvia’s Russians were sent in as Soviet settlers w Returning property owners seeking to reclaim their possessions were compensated with equal land elsewhere, with no recourse to reclaim the particular property itself, or with certificates which could be used as discount coupons in acquiring shares in privatized properties. In 1920 there were only 65 Russian students at the University of Latvia, in 1939 – 220 students. In those areas highly populated by Russians (Riga and Latgale) Russian electors increasingly voted for Russian parties during the whole period of the parliamentary state. For a long time, the Latvian Republic tried to integrate the Russian minority on the basis of a large national-cultural autonomy. During the 11th–12th centuries, Jersika and Koknese, principalities in Eastern Latvia paid tribute to the Principality of Polatsk. Following the terms of the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the Soviet Union invaded and occupied and subsequently annexed Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania as Soviet republics in 1940. ©Augustinas Žemaitis. In comparison with the tsarist period of the history of Latvia, Russians acquired more "country and agricultural" features and lost those of "town and industry". ©Augustinas Žemaitis. The Lithuanian city of Visaginas was built for workers at the Ignalina nuclear power plant and therefore has a Russian majority. Big changes took place in the structure of the territorial settlement of Russians in Latvia. After Latvians, the Russians are the largest ethnic group in today's Latvia. The citizens of the Baltic states must apply for visas. Instead of frustration or class struggle, the adversary in Latvia was unambiguously the Baltic German elite: a separate social class of separate ethnicity speaking a separate language. This is in part because[citation needed] of its co-operation agreement with United Russia, its advocacy of friendlier ties with the Russian government compared to other mainstream Estonian parties and the prevalence[citation needed] Russians and Russophones among the party's municipal councilors and parliamentarians.

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