radar components, and Nike history. Some of these methods are normally installed in radars to overcome natural phenomena such as weather or ground clutter, but they are all considered ECCM. (C) 1977 ARTECH HOUSE, INC. ISBN 0-89006-021-5 But, as the signal gain is increased, the target is “gained out” with the jamming signals and no target is displayed. The missile tracking operator must observe that the elevation angle of the MTR is correct These modern systems It was his job to determine the type of ECM that was being used against the radar and to counter the effects of the jamming. degrees in phase, and is now vertically polarized RF. or and watched by SETI@home. Generally all friendlies used the same code. This uncertainty The Doppler false target jammer receives each pulse of the victim radar and applies a random frequency shift to a selected number of these pulses. transmission. Wave guides (some times called "radar plumbing") are simple and complex at the This may require exploitation of the monopulse threat system. old IFF. 9230-9404 Receiving antennas scan to produce the amplitude modulation of the reflected signal for effective angle tracking. Once the jamming pulse appears in the tracking gate, the automatic gain control circuit gains out the target return, and the jamming pulse has captured the velocity gate. Frequency That doesn?t mean there weren?t any, just that if the 20+ or so years working with and around Nike, I would have expected to see something about it. received, the receiver delays different frequencies differently (called There are several advantages of range deception jamming, especially when used as a self-protection technique. As a rule, the jamming signal must be 25 to 30 dBs stronger than the target return to exploit the tracking errors in the cross-polarized antenna pattern. Sensitivity Time Control (STC) reduced the gain of the receiver at close ranges so that National Service in War and Peace (1925-1975)" The target may not wish to be observed, and/or may wish to reduce the By employing some or all of the above techniques, the effect of the sidelobe noisejammer can be significantly The system could be switched ON and OFF. Thule's air defense was reduced during 1965, and SAC air base defense during 1966, reducing the number of batteries to 112. so the radio tube is too inefficient and noisy. Return to beginning of Nike Radars and the generation of the response is fixed, and allowed for in the MTR range system. and similar errors could be 3 or 4 times larger, and possibly render Hercules Radar Jamming: "Defensive Electronic Countermeasures" May 1962 US Navy Training Film Since the range of the ABAR (about 200 nm) was greater than the LOPAR the ECCM Radar Operator would also call out targets that he was tracking to the Battery Control Van. All of the components are similar in function, and most are almost is basically a series of coded pulses sent It starts simple, and goes onto more than you want to know ;-)) TERRAIN BOUNCE As Hercules had evolved from the fixed-base Ajax system, early deployments offered no mobility. I don't know where I got this fragment: point the the MTR at the designated missile. If you have comments or suggestions, Send e-mail 60,000 Of particular importance is the image, or intermediate, frequency and whether the local oscillation frequency is above or below the transmitted frequency. (1.3 MByte) which further explains STC and MTI. transmitter and test mast with optical sights was used in this adjustment. A 0 - 250 A book recommended by Aidan Fabius ANGLE DECEPTION JAMMING In addition, the jamming system must be able to generate high power that can be effectively controlled by the receiver. wires at 45 degrees one-half wave length from a reflecting surface twist the This radar used a selection of different frequencies Developed by Sandia Laboratories in Albuquerque and at Los Alamos, it was given 1A priority by the Joint Chiefs of Staff in March 1953.[11]. To be effective, however, the angle deception jammer must find the precise scan rate of the victim radar. are then clipped by the limiter to remove a considerable portion of their energy. 1934 First photo of short pulse echo from aircraft made Figure 14. were effectively used by the US in Vietnam and Israel in the Middle East. Spoofing - Trying to present targets that do not exist. The azimuth and elevation tracking loop for TWS radar is based on target signal amplitude modulation. 61.000 GHz displayed echoes from fixed objects and enhanced displayed echoes from moving objects. Bell Labs and Western Electric Height Finder, Patriot Velocity gate pull-off counters pulse Doppler or CW radars by stealing the velocity gate of their automatic tracking loop. When the maximum offset has been achieved, nominally 5 to 50 kHz, the FM is “snapped back” to a minimum value, and the process is repeated to preclude target reacquisition. German Radar detection & signals jamming in World War 2 (1943-Restored) TTR and MTR video was generated {by the T-1} The fire control computer is constantly updating this predicted impact point based on changes in target parameters. To generate different azimuth false targets, the deception jammer synchronizes its transmitted pulse with the victim radar's sidelobes. and had the most extensive anti-jamming equipment. The only practical thing is to slew to and lock onto the next ready round and fire that. 256 1/4 32 This information is grouped into the following sections: "RADAR" is a short form of the name The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Volume 875, Number 1 this mode for 15 minutes, if detects the target during this period it TTR and TRR operator console. where the operators were having difficulty in tracking. These techniques attempt to exploit weaknesses in the design and operation of specific monopulse radars. equipment. L5OCM 1176.45 13.56 MHz (HF) and the air (or vacuum) in the cavity is a much less lossy dielectric than most available Pulse Doppler and continuous wave (CW) radars track targets based on velocity or Doppler-shifted frequency. The ABAR and the LOPAR were linked to the radar presentation in the Battery Control Van and the commander could switch from the LOPAR radar presentation to the ABAR radar presentation at his discretion. The Nike Hercules Tracking Radars had a maximum range of 200,000 yards, a little over 110 miles. The wider the spacing between antenna pairs, the more distortion in the victim's wave front near the true radar return.

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